Unit I
PART-A(2-marks)
1.
Define Management
Management is the art of getting
things done through people – Mary Parker Follet. To manage is to forecast and
plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate, and to control – Henry Fayol.
2.What
is administration?
Administration is concerned wit h laying down suitable policies for the
whole concern.
3.Is
administration an art or a science?
Management is both an art and s cience.
4.What
are the three levels of management?
- Top-level management
- Middle level managemen t
- Bottom level managemen t.
5.What
is scalar chain?
Managers in hierarchies are part of a chain like authority scale. The
President p ossesses the most
authority; the first line supervis or the least. Lower level managers
should al ways keep upper level managers informed of their work activities. The
existence of a scalar(hierarchical) chain and adherence to it are necessary if
the organization is to be successful.
6.What
is espirit de corps?
Spirit de corps means spirit of co-operation.since union is strength,har
mony and team work are essential . Managem
ent should encourage harmony and general good feelings among employees.
7.Define
stability of tenure?
Retaining productive employees should always be a high priority of
managem ent. Recruitment and Selection Costs, as well as increased product-reject
rates are usually assoc iated with hiring new workers.
8.What
is “Gang Plank”?
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Line of authority must flow in a downward flow from the highest
authority to the worker at the bottom level. To avoid delay, such a direct
contact, as the one between E and I is what is referred to as ‘Gang Plank’
which is indicated by the line in the diagram.
9.What
is meant by unity of direction?
The entire organization should be moving towards a common objective in a
common direction.
10.Give the functions of management.
The functions of management are:
1)
Planning
2)
Organizing
3)
Staffing
4)
Leading
5)
Controlling.
11.
Who is known as father of modern
operation of management theory?
Henry Fayol is known as father of modern operation of management theory.
12.
State any two Henry Fayol’s
principles of theory.
1) Division of work
2)
Authority and responsibility
3)
Discipline
4)
Unity of command
PART-B(7
marks)
1.What
are the differences between administration and management?
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Administration
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Management
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1)
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All policy decisions
are made
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1)
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It is concerned with the implementation
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by the
administration.
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of the
policies. Certain routine decisions
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may be made by
the managers on less
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2)
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Administrators
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are
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the owners
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important
matters.
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of the
concern.
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2)
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Managers are
the paid employees of the
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3)
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Administration
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is
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Basically
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concern.
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interested
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in
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results,
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i.e.,
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3)
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Managers actually work
for the
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profitability,
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sales,
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Future
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remuneration
they get. They direct their
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prospects and so on.
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efforts towards
the attainment of
the
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goal set by
administration.
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4)
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Administrators
do not take part
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4)
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The mangers
are responsible to
the
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in the
daily activities of
the
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administrators on
the daily work
done
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concern.
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in the
concern.
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5)
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Management is
not a static
body.
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5)
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Administration
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is
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almost a
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Managers may
resign, retire or
may
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permanent
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body.
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No
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Major
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even be
removed from service.
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change,
therefore, takes place in
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6)
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It is a
lower-level function.
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it.
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6)
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It is a
top-level function
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2. Explain the functions of top management?
a.
Top management lays
down the objectives and broad policies of the enterprise.
- It issues necessary instructions for preparation of department budgets, procedures, schedules etc.
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d.
It appoints the executive for middle level i.e.
departmental managers.
e.
It controls & coordinates the activities of all
the departments.
f.
It is also responsible for maintaining a contact
with the outside world.
g.
It provides guidance and direction.
h. The top management is also responsible towards the shareholders for the
performance of the enterprise.
3)Explain
the functions of middle management?
i.
They execute the plans
of the organization in accordance with the policies and directives of the top management.
j.
They make plans for the sub-units of the
organization.
k.
They participate in employment & training of
lower level management.
l.
They interpret and explain policies from top level
management to lower level.
m. They are responsible for coordinating the activities within the division
or department.
n.
It also sends important reports and other important
data to top level management.
o.
They evaluate performance of junior managers.
p. They are also responsible for inspiring lower level managers towards
better performance.
4.
Explain the functions of low-level
management?
a.
Assigning of jobs and
tasks to various workers.
- They guide and instruct workers for day to day activities.
- They are responsible for the quality as well as quantity of production.
- They are also entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining good relation in the organization.
- They communicate workers problems, suggestions, and recommendatory appeals etc to the higher level and higher level goals and objectives to the workers.
- They help to solve the grievances of the workers.
- They supervise & guide the sub-ordinates.
- They are responsible for providing training to the workers.
- They arrange necessary materials, machines, tools etc for getting the things done.
- They prepare periodical reports about the performance of the workers.
- They ensure discipline in the enterprise.
- They motivate workers.
- They are the image builders of the enterprise because they are in direct contact with the workers.
PART-C (15 marks)
1.Describe the importance of management in business?
1) Systematic approach to work: Planning,
which is one of the important functions of management, provides for a
systematic approach to work.
2) Mobilization of the necessary resources: Every business needs men, machines, materials and money. The
extent to which these resources are required and the proportion in which these
are to be combined are taken care of by organizing which is yet another
important function of management.
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3) Division of work: Management
recognizes the need for division of work in any work place. The total
work to be done is divided into different parts and each part is entrusted to a
particular individual.
4) Selection of the right man for the right job: Management gives utmost importance to the selection of the right
man for the right job. The staffing function of management takes care of the
issues concerning the recruitment and selection of employees.
5) Manpower development: The candidates,
who have been selected for the various jobs, may not have practical
exposure to work.
6) Inducement of workers: Another
important role played by management is in the matter of motivating the
employees of the organization. Motivation may be done by means of monetary as
well as non/monetary measures. Even a word of appreciation may motivate an employee
to work harder.
7) Stability of tenure: Retaining
productive employees should always be a high priority of management.
Recruitment and Selection Costs, as well as increased product-reject rates are
usually associated with hiring new workers.
8) Integration of business activities: In
a business a number of activities like purchase, production, marketing
and sales take place. There are separate departments to look after these
various activities.
9) Performance of control: It is
necessary for every business to find out whether what has been planned
has been achieved at the end of the plan period. In other words, the deviations
from the target need to be measured. Corrective action needs to be taken so
that no such problem arises in future. Performance of control is also an
important task of the m anger.
10) Fulfillment of social obligations: every
business is part and parcel of the society. The business derives all the
benefits from the society and therefore, it owes certain duties towards the
various sections of the society, namely, the shareholders, the creditors, the
consumers, the employees, the competitors and the Government.
2. Explain the basic
characteristics of management. (Or)
Explain the nature of
management? 1) It is a universal activity
Management has
relevance not only in business but also in household work, in army, in
governmental activities and so on. The work can be done in a more systematic
manner with the application of the techniques of management.
2) It is goal oriented
Management focuses
attention on the attainment of specific objectives. By making a proper forecast
of the sales, by planning production, by fixing targets for the salesmen and by
properly co-ordinating all the activities, the targeted level of sales can be
achieved.
3) It is an intellectual activity
The practice of
management requires application of mind and intelligence. Management does not
accept the hit or miss approach to work. The necessary resources have to be
acquired. Work has to be assigned to different individuals and responsibilities
have to be fixed on them.
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Management is
essentially a process consisting of various stages/.functions. planning is the
starting point of management and control is its last stage. In between there
are other functions like organizing, directing and co-ordinating.
5) Management is both a science and an art
The practice of science
needs knowledge of the theory as well as the formulae. On the other hand, the
practice of art requires skill. Management is a social science. It focuses
attention on the behavior of individuals and groups.
6) It is a social process
Management deals with
the behaviour of individuals and groups. In a work place, individuals work as a
team.
7) It adopts an integrated approach
The
goal of an individual employee and that of his organization must synchronize.
8) It is an on-going activity
Management is a
continuous process. A stage will not be reached where one can say that
management is irrelevant.
9) It is intangible
Management is
invisible. It cannot be seen. But it can be felt. The significance of management
will become clear if a comparison is made.
10) Management
is a profession
Like medical, law and
engineering, management has also come to be recognized as a profession. He can
provide consultancy services to businessmen on such areas as marketing,
personnel or finance depending upon his area of specialization.
11) It is a factor of production
Management is also
considered as a factor of production just like land, labour, capital and
enterprise.
3.Explain
the various functions of management?
The important management function
can be categorized into four major functions. These are - planning, organizing,
leading and controlling.
1)
Planning
Planning is the
management function that involves setting of goals and deciding the best method
to achieve them.
Planning is most important and basic activity of management. The
function also includes considering what must be done to encourage necessary
levels of change and innovation. Planning provides a basis for the other major
functions of management: organizing, leading and controlling. Manager with his
subordinates sets the required goals, establishes the policies, standard
methods, develops program strategies and schedules to achieve the goals.
2)
Organizing
Organizing is the
management function that focuses on allocating and arranging human and
non-human resources so that plans can be carried out successfully. Different
tasks must be assigned to different people and their efforts must be
co-ordinated.
This involves
co-ordination of tasks and the various ways to accomplish it. In management
process organizing function provides valuable tool for promoting innovation and
facilitating needed changes.
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The staffing function
of management is concerned with the performance of the following activities:
(i)
Recruitment and selection of employees
(ii)
Training
(iii)
Wage and salary administration
(iv)
Performance appraisal
(v)
Employee transfer, promotion, demotion and
termination.
4)
Directing
(i)
Undertaking supervision
(ii)
Issuing orders and instructions pertaining to work.
(iii)
Proper communication relationship between the
management and the employees.
(iv)
Leadership – to guide employees.
5)
Co-ordinating
(i)
Planning
(ii)
Rules and procedures
(iii)
Sound organization – proper use of hierarchy
(iv)
Effective communication
6)
Controlling
Controlling is the
management function aimed at regulating organizational activities so that
actual performance meets the expected objectives and standards of company.
For regulating
organizational activity manager’s need to monitor ongoing activity, compare the
results with standards and take the necessary corrective action.
4.
Explain the contributions of Henry
Fayol?
The other major
contribution of Henry Fayol to the development of management thinking is
principles of management. Fayol outlined a number of principles that he found
useful in running his large organization.
He added that these
principles apply not only to business but also to political, religious,
philanthropic, military and other organizations. These principles are in
widespread use today. The fourteen general principles of management are given
below-
1)
Division of work
2)
Authority and responsibility
3)
Discipline
4)
Unity of command
5)
Unity of direction
6)
Subordination of individual interest to general
interest
7)
Remuneration
8)
Centralization
9)
Scalar chain
10)
Order
11)
Equity
12)
Stability of personnel tenure
13) Initiative
14)
Esprit de corps
The meaning and
explanation of fourteen principles of management are as under:
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1. DIVISION OF WORK: Work should be
divided among individuals and groups to ensure that effort and attention
are focused on special portions of the task. Fayol presented work
specialization as the best way to use the human resources of the organization.
2. AUTHORITY: The concepts of
Authority and responsibility are closely related. Authority was defined
by Fayol as the right to give orders and the power to exact
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obedience. Responsibility involves
being accountable, and
is therefore naturally
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associatedwithauthority.Whoeverassumesauthority
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also
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assumes
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responsibility.
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3.
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DISCIPLINE: A successful
organization requires the
common effort of
workers.
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Penaltiesshouldbeappliedjudiciouslytoencourage
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this
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common
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effort.
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4.
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UNITY OF COMMAND: Workers
should receive orders
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from
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only one
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manager.
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5. UNITY OF DIRECTION: The entire
organization should be moving towards a common objective in a common
direction.
6. SUBORDINATION OF INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS TO THE GENERAL INTERESTS: The interests of one person should not take priority over the
interests of the organization as a whole.
7. REMUNERATION: Many variables, such
as cost of living, supply of qualified personnel, general business
conditions, and success of the business, should be considered in determining a
worker’s rate of pay.
8. CENTRALIZATION: Fayol defined
centralization as lowering the importance of the subordinate role.
Decentralization is increasing the importance. The degree to which
centralization or decentralization should be adopted depends on the specific
organization in which the manager is
working.
9. SCALAR CHAIN: Managers in
hierarchies are part of a chain like authority scale. The President
possesses the most authority; the first line supervisor the least. Lower level
managers should always keep upper level managers informed of their work
activities. The existence of a scalar(hierarchical) chain and adherence to it
are necessary if the organization is to be successful.
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10.
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ORDER:
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For
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the sake
of
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efficiency
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and
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coordination,
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all
materials
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and people
related to a
specific kind of
work should be
treated as equally
as
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possible.
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11.
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EQUITY:
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All
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employees
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should
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be
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treated
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as
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equally
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as
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possible.
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12. STABILITY OF TENURE OF PERSONNEL:
Retaining productive employees should always be a high priority of
management. Recruitment and Selection Costs, as well as
increased
product-reject rates are usually associated with hiring new workers.
13. INITIATIVE:
Management should take steps to encourage worker initiative, which is defined
as new or additional work activity undertaken through self direction.
14. ESPIRIT DE CORPS: Management should
encourage harmony and general good feelings among employees.
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5. Is management an art or science? Explain. Management as an art
1) Creative: Managers have to come with creative ideas or solutions to
handle unique business problems.
2) Individual approach: Every manager need to adopt his individual approach
of managing to handle situations.
3) Application and dedication: Management requires not only skills and
knowledge but there is also a need for discipline, dedication and commitment.
4) Initiative: Managers are like artists take the initiative in doing the
right things at tight time. This helps to accomplish objectives more effectively
and efficiently.
5) Intelligence: Managers should possess mental intelligence, social
intelligence, inter personal intelligence and emotional intelligence.
Management
as a science
1) Systematic decision making: management stars with the process of
systematic decisions. Before taking any right decisions right information from
right source and at right source and at right time is to be collected. This
process has to be followed systematically.
2) Situational output: the output of management process may vary without
change in input. This is possible by providing some resource, tolls, incentive
and by motivation.
3) Universal management process: in all management organizations whether large
or small, and at all levels, follows the same management process. The
management process includes – planning, organizing, directing and controlling
activities.
4) Universally accepted management principles: like science, the principles
of management are universally accepted. These principles are accepted by all
successful organizations. Management principles include – division of work,
unity of command, discipline, scalar chain etc.
Conclusion
Therefore
it can be concluded that management is an art as well as science.
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